In addition to the discount, a cap valuation (also known as a conversion cap) is usually part of a convertible loan agreement. The cap valuation is the maximum company valuation at which the loan will be converted. This protects the early investors from the company being overvalued in a later financing round. The lower the cap valuation, the better for the lender/investor (and less favourable for the existing shareholders/founders), as the lender gets more shares for his money at a lower valuation.
The valuation cap ensures that an investor’s investment will not be too diluted if the company’s value rises sharply. On the other hand, a cap valuation can also have an anchor effect on future investors and financing rounds. In the case of an outstanding convertible loan with a maximum valuation of 2.000.000 €, investors in a financing round might try to bring the value of the company as close as possible to this cap valuation.
If the parties agree on both a discount and a valuation cap, as is common in the market, the discount will only be applied if the valuation of the company using the discount is less than the cap valuation. The reason for this is that the convertible lender should not benefit twice.